BBN3402SATU2020 : MINGGU5 JADUAL EDITED

 M5- TERJEMAHAN JADUAL

     

ARDILLA BINTI MUHAMMAD ASRI                     NUR AQILAH HANIS BINTI RUTAZA

(199797)                                                                      (199826)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Struktur Makro Makna global daripada suatu teks yang dapat diamati daripada topik/tema suatu teks

Superstruktur Kerangka suatu teks seperti bahagian pendahuluan, isi, penutup dan kesimpulan

Struktur Mikro Makna local daripada suatu teks yang dapat diamati Daripada pilihan kata, kalimat dan gaya yang dipakai oleh suatu teks

Rajah 1: Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis oleh VanDijk (1997)

 

 

Structure Macro Global meaning of a replaceable text from a text topic/theme

Superstructures The outline of a text such as the introductory section, contents, covers and conclusions

MicroStruct structure Local meaning of a work that can be identified From the choice of words, formats and styles worn by a text

Figure 1: The Theory of Analysis of Critical Discourse by VanDijk (1997)

 

Structure MacroMacro Structure In a G global, Macro Structure can be observed in meaning of a replaceable  the text from a text topic/theme

Superstructures The outlineThe framework of a text such as the introductory section, contents, covers, and conclusions

MicroStruct structureMicrostructure In a Llocal meaning texts can of a work that can be identified From the choice of words, formats sentences and styles worn by a text

Figure 1: The Theory of Analysis of Critical Discourse by VanDijk (1997)

 

 

MACRO STRUCTURE In a global, Macro Structure can be observed in text from a text topic/theme

Superstructures The framework of a text such as the introductory section, contents, covers and conclusions

Microstructure In a local meaning text can be identified From words, sentences and styles worn by a text

Figure 1: The Theory of Analysis Critical Discourse by VanDijk (1997)

 

	Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis (Fairclough, 1995)
Analisis Tekstual   Tatabahasa ·      Tema Leksikal ·      Metafora   Kohesi ·      Pengulangan ·      Konjunsi		Analisis Wacana Praktis   Intertektualiti ·   Pra-andaian ·   Metawacana ·   Penafian   Interdiskusi ·   Naratif ·   Perbahasan ·   Ekspositori ·   Luahan (expessive)	Analisis Praktis Sosial   Ekonomi Pendidikan Politik

Rajah 2: Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis oleh Fairclough (1995)

  

	Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)
Textual Analysis   Grammar ·      Themes Lexical ·      Metaphor   Coherent ·      Repetition ·      Conjunction		Practical Discourse Analysis   Intertectuality ·   Pre-assumptions ·   Metawacana ·   Disclaimer   Interdiscussion ·   Narrative ·   Debate ·   Expositories ·   Expensive	Practical Social Analysis   Economics Education Politics

Figure 2: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory by Fairclough (1995)

 

	Critical Discourse Analysis TheoryThe Theory of Critical Discourse (Fairclough, 1995)
Textual Analysis   Grammar ·      Themes   Lexical ·      Metaphor   CoherentCohesion ·      Repetition ·      Conjunction		Practical Discourse Analysis   IntertectualityIntertexuality ·   Pre-assumptions ·   Metawacana ·   Disclaimer   Inter discussion ·   Narrative ·   Debate ·   ExpositoriesExpository ·   ExpensiveExpressive	Practical Social Analysis   Economics Education Politics

Figure 2: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory by FaircloughThe Theory of Critical Discourse by Fairchlough (1995)

 

	The Theory of Critical Discourse (Fairclough, 1995)
Textual Analysis   Grammar ·      Themes Lexical ·      Metaphor   Cohesion ·      Repetition ·      Conjunction		Practical Discourse Analysis   Intertexuality ·   Pre-assumptions ·   Metawacana ·   Disclaimer   Inter discussion ·   Narrative ·   Debate ·   Expository ·   Expressive	Practical Social Analysis   Economics Education Politics

Figure 2: Critical Discourse Analysis Theory by Fairclough (1995)

 

	STRATEGI KESOPANAN
Bald on-record   Contoh: Bersedia! Dengar sini…. Berikan saya bakul besar itu. Lampu itu berwarna hijau. Jemput masuk. Jemput makan.		Kesopanan Positif   Contoh: Kamu Nampak sugul. Boleh saya tolong? Boleh saya pinjam serratus ringgit? Saya ikut kamu ke hospital, jika kamu tidak keberatan.
Kesopanan Negatif   Mungkin dia yang mengambil kotak itu, mungkin! Tolong berikan saya pinggan putih itu. Kalau begitu, sedikit arahan tidak diperlukan? Membuang botol kosong merata-rata tidak dibenarkan.		Off-record   Wah, semakin sejuk dalam bilik ini. Mahal betul harga kasut di sini. Cantik baju kamu.

Rajah3: Strategi Kesopanan oleh Brown & Levinson (1987)

 

 

	DECISION STRATEGY
Bald on-record   Example: Ready! Listen…. Give me that big basket. The light is green. Please come in. Invite to eat.		Positive politeness   Example: You look sad. Can I help? Can I borrow one hundred dollars? I'll take you to the hospital, if you don't objection.
Negative politeness   Maybe he took the box, Maybe! Please give me the white plate. If so, a little instruction is not needed? Throwing empty bottles everywhere is not allowed.		Off-record   Wow, it's getting cold in this room. The price of shoes here is really expensive. Your clothes are beautiful.

Figure 3: Politeness Strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987)

 

 

	DECISION STRATEGY
Bald on-record   Example: Ready! Listen…. Give me that a big basket. The light colour is green. Please come in. Invite toPlease eat.		Positive politeness   Example: You look sad. Can I help? Can I borrow one hundred dollars ringgits? I'll take you to the hospital, iIf you don't mind, can I follow to the hospital objection.
Negative politeness   Maybe he took the box, Mmaybe! Please give me the white plate. If so, a little instruction is not needed? Throwing empty bottles everywhere is not allowed.		Off-record   Wow, it's getting cold in this room. T The price of shoes here is really expensive here. Your clothes are beautiful.

Figure 3: Politeness Strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987)

 

 

	DECISION STRATEGY
Bald on-record   Example: Ready! Listen…. Give me a big basket. The light colour is green. Please come in. Please eat.		Positive politeness   Example: You look sad. Can I help? Can I borrow one hundred ringgits? If you don’t mind, can I follow to the hospital.
Negative politeness   Maybe he took the box, maybe! Please give me the white plate. If so, a little instruction is not needed? Throwing empty bottles everywhere is not allowed.		Off-record   Wow, it's getting cold in this room. The price is really expensive here. Your clothes are beautiful.

Figure 3: Politeness Strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987)

 

 

		Pendekatam Analisis Wacana (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018)
PRA-ANDAIAN 1. Intuisi 2. Konteks   ·       Penerimaan/ Penafian ·       Keperluan ·       Perjukan ·       Anafora ·       Pengulangan ·       Kekaburan ·       Penegasan	EMOSI 1. Positif 2. Negatif 3. Emosi Bercampur   ·    Perangai ·    Personality ·    Mood ·    Motivasi		NILAI DAN BUDAYA 1. Diri 2. Masyarakat 3. Adat   ·      Jujur, ikhlas, baik hati, kasih sayang, kerajinan, kesyukuran, kesederhanaan ·      Berdikari, hemah tinggi, keberanian, kebersihan fizikal dan mental, kesantunan ·      Hormat menghormati, kerjasama, semangat bermasyarakat ·      Keadilan, kebebasan, rasional	BAHASA 1. Bahasa Pertama/ kedua/ ketiga 2. Formal/ tidak formal 3. Kesalahan bahasa 4. Linguistik		INFERENS 1. Rumusan Keseluruhan 2. Rumusan topik perbincangan 3. Penutup kata

Rajah 4: Pendekatan Analisis Wacana Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)

 

		Discourse Analysis Approaches (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018)
PRE-CONCEPT 1. Intuition 2. Context   ·      Acceptance / Disclaimer ·      Requirements ·      Agree ·      Anaphora ·      Repetition ·      Ambiguity ·      Emphasis	EMOTION 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Emotions Mixed   ·    Behavior ·    Personality ·    Mood ·    Motivation		VALUES AND CULTURE 1. Self 2. Society 3. Custom   ·    Honest, sincere, kind hearted, love darling, crafts, gratitude, simplicity ·      Independent, hemah high, courage, physical hygiene and mental, politeness ·      Regards respect, cooperation, enthusiasm socialize ·      Justice, freedom, rational	LANGUAGE 1. Language First / second / third 2. Formal / informal 3. Mistakes language 4. Linguistics		INFERENCE 1. Formulation overall 2. Formulation topic discussion 3. Closing words

Figure 4: Discourse Analysis Approach Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)

 

		Discourse Analysis Approaches (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018)
PRE-CONCEPT ASSUMPTION 1. Intuition 2. Context   ·      Acceptance / Disclaimer ·      Requirements ·      AgreeReference ·      Anaphora ·      Repetition ·      Ambiguity ·      EmphasisAffirmation	EMOTION 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Emotions Mixed   ·    Behavior ·    Personality ·    Mood ·    Motivation		VALUES AND CULTURE 1. Self 2. Society 3. Custom   ·    Honest, sincere, kind hearted, love darling, crafts, gratitude, simplicity ·      Independent, hemah hig high prudence, courage, physical hygiene and mental, politeness ·      Regards respect, cooperation, enthusiasm socialize ·      Justice, freedom, rational	LANGUAGE 1. Language First / second / third 2. Formal / informal 3. Mistakes language 4. Linguistics		INFERENCE 1. FormulationOverall overall summary 2. FormulationThe discussion topicsummary discussion 3. Closing words

Figure 4: Discourse Analysis Approach Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)

 

 

		Discourse Analysis Approaches (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018)
PRE-ASSUMPTION 1. Intuition 2. Context   ·      Acceptance / Disclaimer ·      Requirements ·      Reference ·      Anaphora ·      Repetition ·      Ambiguity ·      Affirmation	EMOTION 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Emotions Mixed   ·    Behavior ·    Personality ·    Mood ·    Motivation		VALUES AND CULTURE 1. Self 2. Society 3. Custom   ·    Honest, sincere, kind hearted, love darling, crafts, gratitude, simplicity ·      Independent, high prudence, courage, physical hygiene and mental, politeness ·      Respect, cooperation, enthusiasm socialize ·      Justice, freedom, rational	LANGUAGE 1. Language First / second / third 2. Formal / informal 3. Mistakes language 4. Linguistics		INFERENCE 1. Overall summary 2. The discussion summary 3. Closing words

Figure 4: Discourse Analysis Approach Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)

 

 

	Teori Analisis Wacana (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d)
Kandungan		Konteks	Andaian
1.      Tema		1.      Tatabahasa	1.      Pendapat
		2.      Latar	2.      Perujukan
		3.      Emosi	3.      Persoalan

Rajah 5 : Teori Analisis Wacana

 

                                               

	Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d)
Content		Context	Assumpiton
1.      Theme		1.      Grammar	1.      Opinion
		2.      Background	2.      Persuasion
		3.      Emotion	3.      Question

Figure 1 : Discourse Anlaysis Theory

	Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d)
Content		Context	Assumpiton
1.      Theme		1.      Grammar	1.      Opinion
		2.      Background	2.     ReferencePersuasion
		3.      Emotion	3.      QuestionProblem

Figure 1 : Discourse Anlaysis Theory

 

                                                 

	Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d)
Content		Context	Assumpiton
1.      Theme		1.      Grammar	1.      Opinion
		2.      Background	2.      Reference
		3.      Emotion	3.      Problem

Figure 1 : Discourse Anlaysis Theory

 

Judul	Tatabahasa	Latar	Emosi
Keluarga	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu bapa	Gembira, rindu,
Diri	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Dalam dan luar rumah, sekolah	Gembira
Saya yang Istimewa	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu dan bapa
Saya Tahu	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Dalam atau luar rumah	Hiba, sedih, simpati
Saya Faham	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah, sekolah ataupun di tempat awam	Gembira, simpati, ambil berat

Jadual 2 : Konteks dalam Model Penceritaan Nilai Sosial Melalui Cerita Kanak-kanak

 

Table 2 : Context In The Model Of Social Value Storytelling Through A Child's Story

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotional
Family	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Parent's house	Happy, missed,
Self	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Inside and outside the house, school	Happy
I’m Special One	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Mother and father's house
I know	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	In or out of the house	Hiba, sad, sympathy
I Understand	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Homes, schools or in public places	Happy, sympathy, care

 

Table 2 : Context In The Model Of Social Value Storytelling Through A Child's Story

Title	Grammar	Background	EmotionsEmotional
Family	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Parent's house	Happy, missed,
Self	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Inside and outside the house, school	Happy
I’m Special One	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Mother and father's house
I know	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	In or out of the house	UpsetHiba, sad, sympathy
I Understand	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Homes, schools or in public places	Happy, sympathy, care

 

Table 2 : Context In The Model Of Social Value Storytelling Through A Child's Story

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotions
Family	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Parent's house	Happy, missed,
Self	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Inside and outside the house, school	Happy
I’m Special One	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Mother and father's house
I know	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	In or out of the house	Upset, sad, sympathy
I Understand	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Homes, schools or in public places	Happy, sympathy, care

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

 

Jadual 3 : Kandungan dalam Cerita Sosial

Judul	Teks	Tema	Sampel/Bahan	Jenis
Nenek dan Datuk	Cerita pendek	Kekeluargaan	Nenek, datuk, ibu, bapa, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Penceritaan
Saya yang Istimewa	Cerita pendek	Kekeluargaan	Nenek, datuk, ibu, bapa, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Penceritaan
Keluarga	Cerita pendek	Kekeluargaan	ibu, bapa, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Penceritaan
Hati	Cerita pendek	Kemasyarakatan	Ibu, Cikgu, Alim dan rakan-rakan	Penceritaan
Jiran	Cerita pendek	Kejiranan	Ibu, Madinah, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim	Penceritaan

 

 

Table 3 : Content in Social Stories

Title	Text	Theme	Samples/Materials	Type
Grandmother and Grandfather	Short story	Family	Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
I'm a Special One	Short story	Family	Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Family	Short story	Family	mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Hearts	Short story	Community	Mother, Teacher, Alim and friends	Narration
Neighbors	Short story	Neighborhood	Mother, Medina, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim	Narration

 

 

Table 3 : Content in Social Stories

Title	Text	Theme	Samples/Materials	Type
Grandparent’s   Grandmother and Grandfather	Short   story	Family	Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	StorytellingNarration
I'm a Special One	Short   story	Family	Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	StorytellingNarration
Family	Short   story	Family	mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	StorytellingNarration
Hearts	Short   story	Community	Mother, Teacher, Alim and friends	StorytellingNarration
Neighbors	Short   story	Neighborhood	Mother, Medina, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim	StorytellingNarration

 

 

Table 3 : Content in Social Stories

Title	Text	Theme	Samples/Materials	Type
Grandparent’s	Short   story	Family	Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	Storytelling
I'm a Special One	Short   story	Family	Grandparents, grandparents, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	Storytelling
Family	Short   story	Family	mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	Storytelling
Hearts	Short   story	Community	Mother, Teacher, Alim and friends	Storytelling
Neighbors	Short   story	Neighborhood	Mother, Medina, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim	Storytelling

 

 

Judul	Tatabahasa	Latar	Emosi
Nenek dan Datuk	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Kampung nenek dan datuk	Gembira, rindu, sedih, marah, keliru, puas hati
Saya yang Istimewa	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu dan bapa	Gembira, puas hati. sedih
Keluarga	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu dan bapa	Gembira, sedih
Hati	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Sekolah, rumah, jiran	Gembira
Jiran	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu bapa dan jiran	Gembira, simpati, ambil berat, sedih

 

Jadual 4 : Konteks dalam Cerita Sosial

 

Table 4 : Context in Social Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotional
Grandparents and Grandfather	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Grandparent village and grandparents	Happy, missed, sadness, angry, confused, statisfied
I am a Special	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Parent’s house	Happy, statisfied, sadness
Families	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Parent’s house	Happy, restrection
Hearts	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Sekolah, rumah, neighbour	Happy
Neighbours	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Parents and neighbouring house	Happy, sympathy, care, sadness

 

Table 4 : Context in Social Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotional
Grandparent’s Grandparents and Grandfather	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Grandparent village and grandparents	Happy, missed, sadness, angry, confused, statisfied
I am a Special	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Parent’s house	Happy, statisfied, sadness
FamilyFamilies	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Parent’s house	Happy, restrection
Hearts	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	SchoolSekolah, rumah, neighbour	Happy
Neighbours	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Parents and neighbouring neighbor house	Happy, sympathy, care, sadness

 

 

Table 4 : Context in Social Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotional
Grandparent’s	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Grandparent village	Happy, missed, sadness, angry, confused, statisfied
I am a Special	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Parent’s house	Happy, statisfied, sadness
Families	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Parent’s house	Happy, restrection
Hearts	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	School, rumah, neighbour	Happy
Neighbours	Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children	Parents and neighbor house	Happy, sympathy, care, sadness

Jadual 5 : Senarai Nilai Sosial dalam Cerita Sosial

Judul Cerita Sosial	Nilai Sosial
Nenek dan Datuk	Kasih sayang, ambil berat, rasional, tanggungjawab, ikhlas, jujur, baik hati, kekeluargaan, sabar
Saya yang Istimewa	Baik hati, ikhlas, tolong menolong, ambil berat, tanggungjawab
Keluarga Saya	Baik hati, sabar, tolong menolong, ikhlas, ambil berat, rajin, usaha, tanggungjawab, rasional
Hati	Baik hati, kasih sayang, ambil berat, ikhlas, jujur, berkongsi, berterima kasih, hormat menghormati, rajin
Jiran	Baik hati, tanggungjawab, kasih sayang, rasional, ambil berat, ikhlas, jujur, yakin, kejiranan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5 : List of Social Values in Social Stories

Social Story Title	Social Values
Grandmother	Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerely, honestly, kindness, family, patience
I'm a Special One	Kindness, sincere, help, take care, responsibility
My Family	Kindness, patient, help, sincere, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality
Hearts	Kindness, love, caring, sincerely, honestly, share, thankful, respectful, hardworking
Neighbors	Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, care, sincere, honest, confident, neighborhood

 

 

Table 5 : List of Social Values in Social Stories

Social Story Title	Social Values
GrandparentsGrandmother	Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerely, honestly, kindness, family, patience
I'm a Special One	Kindness, sincere, help, take care, responsibility
My Family	Kindness, patient, help, sincere, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality
Hearts	Kindness, love, caring, sincerely, honestly, share, thankful, respectful, hardworking
Neighbors	Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, care, sincere, honest, confident, neighborhood

 

 

Table 5 : List of Social Values in Social Stories

Social Story Title	Social Values
Grandparents	Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerely, honestly, kindness, family, patience
I'm a Special One	Kindness, sincere, help, take care, responsibility
My Family	Kindness, patient, help, sincere, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality
Hearts	Kindness, love, caring, sincerely, honestly, share, thankful, respectful, hardworking
Neighbors	Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, care, sincere, honest, confident, neighborhood

 

 

 

Taksonomi Strategi Komunikasi oleh Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Strategi pengelakan atau pengurangan

1.      Pengabaian/Peninggalan mesej 2.      2. Pengelakan topik

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies Pencapaian atau Strategi Pampasan

3.      Parafrasa (Circumlocution) 4.      Penghampiran 5.      Penggunaan perkataan semua tujuan 6.      Cipta perkataan baharu (Word-coinage) 7.      Penstrukturan semula/Penggunaan kaedah bukan bahasa (Use of non linguistic means) 8.      Terjemahan literal 9.      Pengantarabangsaan 10.  Pertukaran kod 11.  Meminta pertolongan, penjelasan, pengesahan atau membuat tekaan/ Appeal for help Stalling

Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Penangguhan atau Strategi Tambahan Waktu

12. Penggunaan perkataan yang tiada makna/Use of fillers/strategi penanda (hesitation devices)

Rajah 7: Taksonomi Strategi Komunikasi oleh Dornyei & Scott (1997

Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Avoidance or Reduction Strategies

1.      Neglect / Abandonment of messages 2.      Avoidance topic Achievement or Compensatory

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies Achievement or Compensation Strategy

3.      Paraphrase (Circumlocution) 4.      Approach 5.      Use of all purpose words 6.      Create  New words (Word-coinage) 7.      Restructuring / Use of non-linguistic means 8.      Literal translation 9.      Internationalization 10.  Code exchange 11.  Ask for help, explanation, confirmation or guessing / Appeal for help Stalling

Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Procrastination or Time-gaining Strategies

12. Use of meaningless words / Use of fillers / hesitation devices

Figure 7: Taxonomy of Communication Strategies by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

 

 

Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Avoidance or Reduction Strategies

1.      Neglect / Abandonment of messages 2.      Avoidance topic Achievement or Compensatory

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies Achievement or Compensation Strategy

3.      Paraphrase (Circumlocution) 4.      Approach 5.      Use of all purpose words 6.      Create  New words (Word-coinage) 7.      Restructuring / Use of non-linguistic means 8.      Literal translation 9.      Internationalization 10.  Code exchange 11.  Ask for help, explanation, confirmation or guessing / Appeal for help Stalling

Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Procrastination or Time-gaining Strategies

12. Use of meaningless words / Use of fillers / hesitation devices

 

 

Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Avoidance or Reduction Strategies

1.      Neglect / Abandonment of messages 2.      Avoidance topic Achievement or Compensatory

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies Achievement or Compensation Strategy

3.      Paraphrase (Circumlocution) 4.      Approach 5.      Use of all purpose words 6.      Create  New words (Word-coinage) 7.      Restructuring / Use of non-linguistic means 8.      Literal translation 9.      Internationalization 10.  Code exchange 11.  Ask for help, explanation, confirmation or guessing / Appeal for help Stalling

Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Procrastination or Time-gaining Strategies

12. Use of meaningless words / Use of fillers / hesitation devices

 

 

Jadual 6 : Strategi Komunikasi

	Strategi Komunikasi	Frekuensi
1.	Singkatan	15
2.	Perkataan baharu tiada makna	4
3.	Penafian/Percanggahan	10
4.	Persoalan	6
5.	Pengulangan	8
6.	Perujukan	13
7.	Pembetulan kendiri	5
8.	Topik berlainan/pengabaian mesej	4
9.	Celahan	8
10.	Penangguhan	6
11.	Terjemahan literal	4
12.	Pertukaran bahasa	4
13.	Imaginasi	5
14.	Kesopanan	4
15.	Parafrasa	4
16.	Meminta pertolongan	4

                                                                                                                                                                    

Table 6 : Communication Strategies

	Communication Strategies	Frecuency
1.	Abbreviation	15
2.	New words have no meaning	4
3.	Disclaimer / Conflict	10
4.	Questions	6
5.	Repetition	8
6.	References	13
7.	Self-Correction	5
8.	Different topics / neglect messages	4
9.	Intermittent	8
10.	delays	6
11.	Translation literal	4
12.	Language exchange	4
13.	Imagination	5
14.	Politeness	4
15.	Paraphrase	4
16.	Asking for help	4

 

Table 6 : Communication Strategies

	Communication Strategies	Frecuency
1.	Abbreviation	15
2.	New words have no meaning	4
3.	Disclaimer / Conflict	10
4.	Questions	6
5.	Repetition	8
6.	References	13
7.	Self-Correction	5
8.	Different topics / neglect messages	4
9.	Intermittent	8
10.	Suspensiondelays	6
11.	Translation literal	4
12.	Language exchange	4
13.	Imagination	5
14.	Politeness	4
15.	Paraphrase	4
16.	Asking for help	4

 

Table 6 : Communication Strategies

	Communication Strategies	Frecuency
1.	Abbreviation	15
2.	New words have no meaning	4
3.	Disclaimer / Conflict	10
4.	Questions	6
5.	Repetition	8
6.	References	13
7.	Self-Correction	5
8.	Different topics / neglect messages	4
9.	Intermittent	8
10.	Suspension	6
11.	Translation literal	4
12.	Language exchange	4
13.	Imagination	5
14.	Politeness	4
15.	Paraphrase	4
16.	Asking for help RUJUKAN: Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014). Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi Teori dan Aplikasi. Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Kehadiran minggu kelima	4